Group — from Wolfram MathWorld

A group is a finite or infinite set of elements
together with a binary operation (called the
group operation) that together satisfy the four
fundamental properties of closure, associativity, the identity property, and the
inverse property. The operation with respect to which a group is defined is often
called the “group operation,” and a set is said to be a group “under”
this operation. Elements

1. Closure: If
and are two elements in , then the product is also in .

2. Associativity: The defined multiplication is associative, i.e., for all , .

3. Identity: There is an identity element (a.k.a. 1, , or )
such that for every element .

4. Inverse: There must be an inverse (a.k.a. reciprocal) of each element. Therefore, for each element
of , the set contains an element such that .

A group is a monoid each of whose elements is invertible.

A group must contain at least one element, with the unique (up to isomorphism) single-element
group known as the trivial group.

The study of groups is known as group theory. If there are a finite number of elements, the group is called a finite
group and the number of elements is called the group
order of the group. A subset of a group that is closed
under the group operation and the inverse operation is called a subgroup.
Subgroups are also groups, and many commonly encountered
groups are in fact special subgroups of some more general larger group.

A basic example of a finite group is the symmetric group , which is the group of permutations
(or “under permutation”) of objects. The simplest infinite group is the set of integers
under usual addition. For continuous groups, one can
consider the real numbers or the set of invertible matrices. These
last two are examples of Lie groups.

One very common type of group is the cyclic groups. This group is isomorphic to the group of integers (modulo ), is denoted , ,
or , and is defined for every integer
. It is closed
under addition, associative, and has unique inverses. The numbers from 0 to represent its elements, with the identity element represented by 0, and the inverse
of is represented by .

A map between two groups which preserves the identity and the group operation is called a homomorphism. If a homomorphism has an
inverse which is also a homomorphism, then it is called an isomorphism
and the two groups are called isomorphic. Two groups which are isomorphic to each
other are considered to be “the same” when viewed as abstract groups. For
example, the group of rotations of a square, illustrated below, is the cyclic
group .

In general, a group action is when a group acts on a set, permuting its elements, so that the map from the group to the permutation
group of the set is a homomorphism. For example, the rotations of a square are
a subgroup of the permutations
of its corners. One important group action for any
group is its action on itself by conjugation.
These are just some of the possible group automorphisms.
Another important kind of group action is a group
representation, where the group acts on a vector
space by invertible linear maps. When
the field of the vector space
is the complex numbers, sometimes a representation is called a CG module.

Group actions, and in particular representations, are very important in applications, not only to group theory, but also to physics
and chemistry. Since a group can be thought of as an abstract mathematical object,
the same group may arise in different contexts. It is therefore useful to think of
a representation of the group as one particular incarnation of the group, which may
also have other representations. An irreducible
representation of a group is a representation for which there exists no unitary
transformation which will transform the representation matrix
into block diagonal form. The irreducible representations have a number of remarkable
properties, as formalized in the group
orthogonality theorem.