Z |
Nguyên tố |
Trạng thái oxy hóa âm |
|
Trạng thái oxy hóa dương |
Nhóm |
Ghi chú
|
|
|
−5
|
−4
|
−3
|
−2
|
−1
|
0
|
+1
|
+2
|
+3
|
+4
|
+5
|
+6
|
+7
|
+8
|
+9
|
|
|
1 |
Hydro |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
H |
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
2 |
Heli |
|
|
|
|
|
He |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
3 |
Lithi |
|
|
|
|
|
Li |
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
[2]
|
4 |
Beryli |
|
|
|
|
|
Be |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
[3]
|
5 |
Bor |
−5 |
|
|
|
−1 |
B |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
[4][5]
|
6 |
Carbon |
|
−4 |
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
C |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
7 |
Nitơ |
|
|
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
N |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
8 |
Oxy |
|
|
|
−2 |
−1 |
O |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
|
9 |
Fluor |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
F |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
|
10 |
Neon |
|
|
|
|
|
Ne |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
11 |
Natri |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
Na |
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
[2]
|
12 |
Magiê |
|
|
|
|
|
Mg |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
[6]
|
14 |
Silic |
|
−4 |
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
Si |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
15 |
Phosphor |
|
|
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
P |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
16 |
Lưu huỳnh |
|
|
|
−2 |
−1 |
S |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
17 |
Chlor |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
Cl |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
17 |
[10]
|
18 |
Argon |
|
|
|
|
|
Ar |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
19 |
Kali |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
K |
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
[2]
|
20 |
Calci |
|
|
|
|
|
Ca |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
[11]
|
21 |
Scandi |
|
|
|
|
|
Sc |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
[12][13]
|
23 |
Vanadi |
|
|
−3 |
|
−1 |
V |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
5 |
[15]
|
24 |
Crom |
|
−4 |
|
−2 |
−1 |
Cr |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
|
|
|
6 |
[15]
|
25 |
Mangan |
|
|
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
Mn |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
7 |
|
27 |
Cobalt |
|
|
−3 |
|
−1 |
Co |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
9 |
[15]
|
28 |
Nickel |
|
|
|
−2 |
−1 |
Ni |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
[20]
|
29 |
Đồng |
|
|
|
−2 |
|
Cu |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
[19]
|
30 |
Kẽm |
|
|
|
−2 |
|
Zn |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
[19][21]
|
31 |
Gali |
−5 |
−4 |
|
−2 |
−1 |
Ga |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
[8][22]
|
32 |
Germani |
|
−4 |
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
Ge |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
[23]
|
35 |
Brom |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
Br |
+1 |
|
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
+7 |
|
|
17 |
|
36 |
Krypton |
|
|
|
|
|
Kr |
|
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
37 |
Rubidi |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
Rb |
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
[2]
|
38 |
Stronti |
|
|
|
|
|
Sr |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
[30]
|
39 |
Ytri |
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
[31][32]
|
40 |
Zirconi |
|
|
|
−2 |
|
Zr |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
[15][33]
|
41 |
Niobi |
|
|
−3 |
|
−1 |
Nb |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
5 |
[15][34]
|
42 |
Molypden |
|
−4 |
|
−2 |
−1 |
Mo |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
|
|
|
6 |
[15]
|
43 |
Techneti |
|
|
−3 |
|
−1 |
Tc |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
7 |
|
44 |
Rutheni |
|
−4 |
|
−2 |
|
Ru |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
+8 |
|
8 |
[15][19]
|
45 |
Rhodi |
|
|
−3 |
|
−1 |
Rh |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
|
|
|
9 |
[15]
|
46 |
Paladi |
|
|
|
|
|
Pd |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
[35][36]
|
47 |
Bạc |
|
|
|
−2 |
−1 |
Ag |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
[19][37]
|
48 |
Cadmi |
|
|
|
−2 |
|
Cd |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
[19][38]
|
53 |
Iod |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
I |
+1 |
|
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
17 |
[49][50]
|
54 |
Xenon |
|
|
|
|
|
Xe |
|
+2 |
|
+4 |
|
+6 |
|
+8 |
|
18 |
[51]
|
55 |
Caesi |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
Cs |
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
[2]
|
56 |
Bari |
|
|
|
|
|
Ba |
+1 |
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
[52]
|
57 |
Lanthan |
|
|
|
|
|
La |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
[53]
|
58 |
Xeri |
|
|
|
|
|
Ce |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
Praseodymi |
|
|
|
|
|
Pr |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
|
[54]
|
60 |
Neodymi |
|
|
|
|
|
Nd |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
[55]
|
61 |
Promethi |
|
|
|
|
|
Pm |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[56]
|
62 |
Samari |
|
|
|
|
|
Sm |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 |
Europi |
|
|
|
|
|
Eu |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
Gadolini |
|
|
|
|
|
Gd |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65 |
Terbi |
|
|
|
|
|
Tb |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
[56]
|
66 |
Dysprosi |
|
|
|
|
|
Dy |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
[57]
|
67 |
Holmi |
|
|
|
|
|
Ho |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[56]
|
68 |
Erbi |
|
|
|
|
|
Er |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[56]
|
69 |
Thuli |
|
|
|
|
|
Tm |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 |
Ytterbi |
|
|
|
|
|
Yb |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
71 |
Luteti |
|
|
|
|
|
Lu |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[56]
|
72 |
Hafni |
|
|
|
−2 |
|
Hf |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
[15][58]
|
73 |
Tantali |
|
|
−3 |
|
−1 |
Ta |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
5 |
[15][34]
|
74 |
Wolfram |
|
−4 |
|
−2 |
−1 |
W |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
|
|
|
6 |
[15]
|
75 |
Rheni |
|
|
−3 |
|
−1 |
Re |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
7 |
|
76 |
Osmi |
|
−4 |
|
−2 |
−1 |
Os |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
+8 |
|
8 |
[19][59]
|
79 |
Vàng |
|
|
−3 |
−2 |
−1 |
Au |
+1 |
+2 |
+3 |
|
+5 |
|
|
|
|
11 |
[19]
|
84 |
Poloni |
|
|
|
−2 |
|
Po |
|
+2 |
|
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
|
|
|
16 |
[76]
|
85 |
Astatin |
|
|
|
|
−1 |
At |
+1 |
|
+3 |
|
+5 |
|
+7 |
|
|
17 |
|
87 |
Franci |
|
|
|
|
|
Fr |
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
88 |
Radi |
|
|
|
|
|
Ra |
|
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
89 |
Actini |
|
|
|
|
|
Ac |
|
|
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
91 |
Protactini |
|
|
|
|
|
Pa |
|
|
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
93 |
Neptuni |
|
|
|
|
|
Np |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
|
[84]
|
94 |
Plutoni |
|
|
|
|
|
Pu |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
|
[85]
|
95 |
Americi |
|
|
|
|
|
Am |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+6 |
+7 |
|
|
|
[86]
|
97 |
Berkeli |
|
|
|
|
|
Bk |
|
|
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
98 |
Californi |
|
|
|
|
|
Cf |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
99 |
Einsteini |
|
|
|
|
|
Es |
|
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
[89]
|
100 |
Fermi |
|
|
|
|
|
Fm |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101 |
Mendelevi |
|
|
|
|
|
Md |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
102 |
Nobeli |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
|
+2 |
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
103 |
Lawrenci |
|
|
|
|
|
Lr |
|
|
+3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
104 |
Rutherfordi |
|
|
|
|
|
Rf |
|
|
|
+4 |
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
105 |
Dubni |
|
|
|
|
|
Db |
|
|
|
|
+5 |
|
|
|
|
5 |
[90]
|
106 |
Seaborgi |
|
|
|
|
|
Sg |
|
|
|
|
|
+6 |
|
|
|
6 |
[91]
|
107 |
Bohri |
|
|
|
|
|
Bh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+7 |
|
|
7 |
[92]
|
108 |
Hassi |
|
|
|
|
|
Hs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+8 |
|
8 |
[93]
|
109 |
Meitneri |
|
|
|
|
|
Mt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
110 |
Darmstadti |
|
|
|
|
|
Ds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
111 |
Roentgeni |
|
|
|
|
|
Rg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
|
112 |
Copernici |
|
|
|
|
|
Cn |
|
+2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
[94]
|
113 |
Nihoni |
|
|
|
|
|
Nh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
|
114 |
Flerovi |
|
|
|
|
|
Fl |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
115 |
Moscovi |
|
|
|
|
|
Mc |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
116 |
Livermori |
|
|
|
|
|
Lv |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
|
117 |
Tennessine |
|
|
|
|
|
Ts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
|
118 |
Oganesson |
|
|
|
|
|
Og |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|